Chapter 6 CRCB : Finding Supporting Details

What are supporting details?



Authors use details to illustrate and explain their main ideas. Unlike topics or main ideas, which are more general in nature, details consist of facts, examples, and other specific information.

Major Supporting Details
Major supporting details provide support for the main idea of a reading. They are commonly presented in the form of examples, illustrations, explanations, definitions, facts, or opinions, and they typically answer who? what? when? how? or why? question about the main idea.

Minor Supporting DetailsMinor supporting details are intended to clarify and enhance the major supporting details and are not usually considered as important. However, some of them are significant and useful to remember.

Chapter 6 TFY : Opinions : What's Believed?

Types of Opinions

Opinions take many forms: judgments, advice, generalizations, personal preferences, and general public sentiment.

Distinguishing Between Responsible and Irresponsible Opinions

Not all opinions deserve careful consideration

Opinions as Claims in Arguments

Opinions function as primary claims in arguments that are supported by facts, other claims, and reasoning. In an essay, the thesis is a statement of opinion.

Composition Writing Application

1. First Opinion: A Short Argument Supporting an Opinion

2. Second Opinion: A Short Expository Essay about an Opinion

3. Third Opinion : A Short Essay Analyzing Three Opinions

4. Peer Review

Chapter 5 CRCB : Locating Stated Main Ideas

Topic is

- a word or short phrase that summarizes the general ideas presented on a page or in a chapter, book, or journal article.

- most general ideas of reading, not sentences but words or phrases that sum up the subject you are reading about

Previewing is a strategy that helps you mentally prepare for reading new material and involves reading the title of an assignment, the introduction, any headings and, if there is one, the summary. Once you have done this, you should be able to predict the topic.

Main idea is the major point the author makes about the topic.

Details are more specific that prove, clarify, justify, or otherwise support the main idea

Chapter 5 TFY : Assumption : What's Taken for Granted

Assumptions meaning to take up. when we assume, we take up or accept something.

Understanding AssumptionsAssumption can be forgotten inferences.

Types of AssumptionsAssumptions can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted.

Identifying Hidden Assumptions in Reasoning

Hidden assumptions expert a powerful effect on our reasoning; however, identifying them is not always easy.

Hidden Assumptions in Arguments

Good arguments are not based on assumptions

Value or Belief Assumptions

Value assumptions are the beliefs we take for granted. Although we may not be aware of their presence and influence, they greatly affect our reasoning.

Assumption Layers in Arguments

A value assumption can form the base of a pyramid that supports many layers of hidden assumptions, all of which provide support for one idea expressed at the top.

Chapter 4 TFY : Inference : What Follows?

Understanding the words Infer and InferenceInfer meaning to bring in or to carry
when we infer, we imagine, guess, surmise, speculate, estimate, predict and conclude.

Distinguishing Inferences from FactsGood writing distinguishes inferences from facts, description from interpretation

Generalizations Are Inferences

A good scientist, like a good writer, knows how much evidence is needed to support a generalization.

Chapter 4 CRCB Managing Your Reading Time

What is efficient reading?Efficient reading can be defined as being able to read and comprehend textbook material in an appropriate amount of time for you.

Speed-ReadingSpeed-reading consists of visually grouping words together, reading them in chunks instead of separately.

Critical ReadingCritical Reading is to slow down, take time to digest an author's points (perhaps even disagree with them), relate the newly learned information to previous knowledge on the subject, and think about what you are reading. Critical reading is thinking, and thinking takes time. Speed-reading is not a critical reading strategy.

Skimming
Reading only some of the words on a page is called skimming. Skimming is helpful when you are doing research and want to know if a book or article is going to be useful to your studies.

Rereading or RegressingIf you don't understand a word, it helps to reread the sentence it is in and try to figure out its meaning using context clues. If this does not work, you can look it up in your dictionary and then reread the sentence. When you do not understanding a point an author is making, regressing, or rereading the paragraphs preceding the one you are having trouble with, will give you another chance to piece together what is being said.

SubvocalizingSubvocalizing, or reading aloud, is helpful because you use both your eyes and your voice to read.

PacingPacing your reading by using your fingertips to follow each word, or group of words, can improve your reading speed because you become more physically involved in the process, which heightens your ability to concentrate .

Developing a Daily Reading PlanTips for Developing a Daily Reading Plan
1. Keep a record of your pages per hour reading rate for each of your classes.
2. When reading for more than one class in a single study session, complete the reading for your most difficult or least favorite class first.
3. Plan your reading time for when you are most alert.
4. Each day, schedule the reading tasks for every class you have attended into your daily plan.

Chapter 3 TFY : Facts : What's Real?

Beginning with the World FactDefinition of fact :1. a deed, something done
2. something known with certainty through experience, observation, testimony, record, or measurement.
3. something that can be objective demonstrated and verified
4. something that people will agree corresponds to a reality

Facts and RealityWhat we call facts do not necessarily represent what is real and true.
Facts are our interpretations of what is real and true
Reality is another term that we all use every day, yet few of us can define.

Facts are not absoluteThe most we can say about any fact is that certainty is higher or lower in probability

Distinguishing Facts from FictionSurprisingly enough, we can sometimes be led to believe that the difference between fact and fiction doesn't really matter.

Feeling can be facts
Feeling can deceive as well as illuminate

Facts and Social PressureOur need to have our perceptions verified by others also makes us susceptible to manipulation

Facts and our limited senseBoth science and wisdom are needed to help us compensate for the limitations of our sense.

Standards We Use to Determine Facts: Verifiability, Reliability, Plausibility, Probability
Verifiability means the data can be confirmed by another source.

Reliability : a second standard for determining facts

Probability : as tested through time and repetition, represents another standard used to determine the reliability of a fact.

Plausibility is a fourth standard for facts, meaning they undergo the test of credibility.

Chapter 3 CRCB Remembering What You Read

What is MemoryMemory is the process of storing information, and as in any process, successive steps or stages are essential for it to work.

Sensory MemorySensory Memory is the first stage in the memory process.

Six Strategies for Improving Sensory Memory.1. Read your text aloud. Reading and hearing help visual and auditory learners.
2. Draw pictures. Seeing and touching help visual and kinesthetic learners.
3. Act out a chapter. Hearing, seeing and doing help all types of learners.
4. Visualize. Seeing helps visual learners.
5. Touch. Seeing and touching help visual and kinesthetic learners.
6. Read. Seeing and doing help visual and kinesthetic learners.

Short-term memory is the second stage in the memory process
Chunking
The strategy you just used is called chunking. Chunking works by condensing the amount of information you have to learn.

Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory is the third and final stage in the memory process. Information cannot be permanently stored there until it has passed through both the sensory and short-term memory stages.

Strategies for Remembering Information Long-Term1. Organize Newly Learned Information
2. Master Technical Vocabulary
3. Create a Memory Matrix
4. Connect New Information to Information You Already Know
Strategies for Connecting Information
1. Comparison
2. Addition
3. Exemplification
5. Go beyond Textbook Information
6. Review
7. Teach It

Strategies for Recalling InformationMnemonicsMnemonics are tricks you can use to help you recall in formation after you have understood and learned it.
A memory cue helps you locate information in a similar way to a telephone hotline.

Key WordsKey words represent the topic or main ideas of the material you are reading

AcronymsAcronyms are words created by using the first letters of each word or phase that you intend to remember.

AcrosticsAcrostics are created by using the first letter of each item you need to remember to make a phrase or sentence.

Chapter 2 TFY : Word Precision : How Do I Describe It?

On Finding the Right WordThe search to find the right match between words and experience can lead to the learning of new words. Moreover, each new word that we mater enables us to see even more of the world

Clear Thinking Depends on Clear Word DefinitionsConfusion about words affects not our communications but also our alertness and consciousness. We can be confused about not only unfamiliar words but also familiar ones.

Kinds of DefinitionsNot all definitions are dictionary definitions

The Connotations of WordsWord connotations are about feelings

The Importance of Defining Key IdeasBoth study are debate need to begin with clear definitions

Word concepts : Concepts abstract experience
What is Critical Reading?Critical reading begins with a resolve to aim for a neutral and accurate comprehension of the material.

Chapter 2 CRCB Developing Your College Vocabulary

Understanding New Vocabulary
Two Important StrategiesContext cluesOne way to work out the meaning of a new word is to relate it to familiar words in a sentence and use those words as context clues

Type of Context Clues1. Definition : Brief explanations of what a word means.
2. Example : items of information that illustrate what a word means.
3. Punctuation : used to set a word off from the rest of a sentence.
4. Personal Experience, opinion and knowledge : Authors often provide their readers with personal or additional information to enhance the point they are making and help define difficult words and concepts.

Word Part AnalysisRoots
A word's root is its most basic part, or building block. It is as fundamental to a word's meaning as a root is to a plant.
Prefixes : attaching a prefix to the front of a word changes its meaning.
Suffixes : word parts that are added to the end of a word

Remembering New VocabularyWorld Maps : a picture that illustrates the various steps you should take in order to learn a new word.
Card Review System (CRS) : a useful strategy for learning both general and specialized vocabulary.

Denotation and ConnotationDenotation is the dictionary definition of a word.
Connotation is the dictionary definition plus any ideas suggested by, or associated with, that word.

Chapter 1 TFY : Observation Skills : What's Out There?

What is Observing?To observe means to hold something in front of us.

Using Observation Skills to DevelopNew KnowledgeThose of you who discovered something new from these exercises learned because you observed in the true sense of staying awake and being closely attentive. Therefore you became aware of details, which a sweeping glance would have missed, that revealed significance about the whole.

Evaluating Your Work by Using the Scoring BoxesThe scoring box offers a simple, consistent checklist for reviewing the assignment's objectives, for understanding its priorities, and for clarifying standards for peer feedback, draft revision, and quite possibly, instructor grading

The Observation Process: Sensing, Perceiving, ThinkingSensing : when we take in data without preconception : to feel
Perceiving : when we focus on particular sensations and categorize them according to ourmemory system : to catch seize, or hold
Thinking : when we draw conclusions about their patterns and meaning : nature and events from our perceptions of them

Chapter 1 CRCB Reading in College

Chapter 1 : Reading in College

1. What is Reading?

Definition:

1. a form of communication, using written language or symbols (text)

2. two-way communication between an author and a reader

3. interpretation and understanding

4. a process

5. thinking

Reading is an active process that depends on both and author's ability to convey meaning using words and your ability to create meaning from them.

To read successfully, you need to constantly connect what you already know about the information to the words the author has written.

Average retention rate after 2 weeks

Lecture 5%

Reading 10%

Audio-visual 20%

Demonstration 30%

Discussion Group 50%

Practice by doing 75%

Teach others/Immediate use of learning 90%

2. Learning Journals

To helps you to think on paper

- what you have read

- identify what you do (and do not) understand

- to explore how you think

To helps you to apply, monitor and amend your critical reading strategies. work or not?

2.1 How Learning Journals work

- what you have learned

- what is still unclear to you

- How you have learned from the reading

- what else you know about the topic of the reading

- what reading or study problems you still face

Exp. return homework, summarize comments and improve in the future

short list and study strategies

2.2 Using Your Learning Journal

- writing the date on the top right side of the page

- write the little (or chapter no.) include page no. if any assignment

- writing what you have read and how you think about it

2.3 How a learning Journal Helps You Develop Concentration

- How much you know about concentration as a reading strategy and what new information you would benefit from learning.

3. What is Concentration?

Concentration is ability to focus exclusively on an project and to ignore all else.

Step in the process

- what blocks your concentration

- When, Where, How you read affect how well you concentrate

- keep track every time you read

Learning with Purpose

- Preview & Get an idea

- Q&A

- Connecting learned information to new information

- Outlining/Lecture notes

- Map out (creating diagrams)

- Noting headings and titles

- Reading other sources

4. Learning Styles

Hear - auditory learning : lectures/audio tapes

See - visual learning : reading or watching people, videotapes or Tv

Touch and do - Kinesthetic learning : practicing techniques, drawing maps, creating outlines or making models

5. Discovering Your Concentration Blocks

Internal distracters come from inside

External distracters come from environment

6. Techniques for Improving Your Concentration

6.1 Using the checkmark monitoring system

How many times you lose your concentration

System :

(1) check every time you lose your concentration

(2) 50 Min count how many checks on paper. no is baseline

(3) improvement

6.2 Creating a study environment

7 tips for creating a successful study environment

(1) Do not read homework for college in bed

(2) Avoid reading in the social areas of your house or apt.

(3) Use a chair that is firm and not too comfortable

(4) Make sure you have enough light in your study area

(5) collect all the study materials you need

(6) Turn off the television

(7) invest in an answering machine

6.3 Creating a Positive Mental Attitude

5 Tips

(1) Discover your best study time

(2) Read the required material for your most difficult or least familiar subject first

(3) Wear a favorite sweatshirt, hat, or other item of clothing

(4) Preview your reading assignment before beginning to read it

(5) Plan a study reward for a good study session

6.4 Using Your Journal as a Worry Pad

Worry pad is where you can write down you worries so you can focus on the other things

6.5 Writing a letter

7. Test Taking and Concentration

7.1 avoid cramming

7.2 Get a good night's sleep

7.3 stay hydrated

7.4 Eat breakfast

Create a Positive

@ Mental Environment

(1) decide that you will get the most out of each class session and form your instructors

(2) Wear your "homework hat" or "study sweatshirt"

(3) Stay calm

(4) Read all of the directions

(5) Do the easy question first

(6) Don't change your answers unless you are absolutely sure they are wrong

(7) Don't be concerned if other students finish before you do

(8) Don't take things too seriously

@ Physical Environment

(1) Arrive early on test days

(2) Avoid the same distracters during test time that you would during you study time

(3) Find out before hand if the exam is open-book or open notes

(4) Make sure you bring all necessary supplies